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Perspectives

Le changement est constant. Adaptez-vous à la curiosité et à prendre des actions courageuses.

Sur la convergence de l'informatique et de la technologie opérationnelle

La technologie de l'information et les affaires sont de plus en plus étroitement liées. Je ne pense pas que quelqu'un puisse parler de manière significative de l'un sans parler de l'autre.

- Bill Gates

La technologie opérationnelle garantit que les lumières restent allumées et que les machines fonctionnent efficacement.

La technologie n'est rien. Ce qui est important, c'est que vous ayez confiance aux gens, qu'ils sont fondamentalement bons et intelligents, et que si vous leur donnez des outils adéquats, ils créeront des choses merveilleuses avec.

- Steve Jobs
Le IT ou la technologie de l'information est le moteur technique qui transforme les données brutes en informations pertinentes pour les personnes et les partenaires d'une organisation. L'objectif est que ces personnes soient efficaces et plus productives. L'IT utilise des dispositifs numériques et de communications pour traiter, stocker, transmettre, gérer et sécuriser les données et les informations. Les données brutes et les informations sont généralement dans l'un de ces trois états : stockage, traitement ou transmission. Les dispositifs auxquels je fais référence sont soit physiques soit virtuels. Les dispositifs physiques sont matériels et les logiciels sont virtuels. Les ordinateurs, les dispositifs de stockage, les commutateurs de réseaux, les routeurs, les dispositifs de surveillance de la sécurité, les imprimantes et les personnes sont quelques-uns des dispositifs physiques en l’IT. Tout, des systèmes d'exploitation, des micrologiciels et des applications telles que les bases de données, sont des exemples de logiciels de l’IT. Les dispositifs locaux sont appelés des dispositifs sur site. Les dispositifs accessibles à distance via des dispositifs de communication sont appelés "dispositifs dans le cloud". Le rôle principal de l’IT est de fournir des utilitaires et des services à la fois aux utilisateurs internes et externes. La fourniture de la serviabilité de l’IT comprend un accès facile et sécurisé aux informations par les utilisateurs. Les clients ou utilisateurs de la technologie de l'information, comme je les ai appelés jusqu'à présent, sont des personnes travaillant dans les domaines des ventes, du marketing, de la finance, des ressources humaines, des partenaires externes et des employés, y compris les équipes de direction. Par sa nature de service aux utilisateurs avec des informations qui augmentent leur efficacité commerciale, l'informatique est intensive en logiciels. L'ordre d'importance pour la sécurité des données et des informations informatiques est respectivement la confidentialité, la disponibilité et l'intégrité (ou CIA comme on l'appelle dans la cybersécurité).
La technologie opérationnelle (OT) s'occupe de la gestion, du contrôle et de la surveillance des machines et des dispositifs physiques dans des industries telles que ceux de la fabrication, l'énergie et la logistique, dans le but de garantir leur disponibilité sécurisée et continue. L'OT utilise principalement des logiciels propriétaires et fermés pour gérer, contrôler et surveiller le matériel physique. Les dispositifs physiques de l'OT comprennent, entre autres, des ordinateurs pour la visualisation des données de surveillance, des systèmes de contrôle tels que ceux destines a d'acquisition de données (SCADA), les systèmes de contrôle distribués (DCS), les automates programmables (PLC), les systèmes de contrôle industriels (ICS) pour la régulation des processus, des capteurs pour la collecte de données, des actionneurs pour le contrôle des machines (comme les vannes et les pompes), des réseaux industriels pour la connectivité des systèmes, et des systèmes de sécurité. Les utilisateurs de l'OT proviennent généralement de fonctions telles que la conception, la production, la maintenance, la gestion de la chaîne d'approvisionnement, les opérations d'entrepôt et le contrôle qualité. Le contrôle des processus et l'automatisation représentent des aspects essentiels de l'OT, le modèle de la pyramide d'automatisation servant de point de référence fondamental. La pyramide d'automatisation comprend quatre niveaux : le niveau 0 est celui de terrain. Il abrite les dispositifs de production tels que les capteurs et les actionneurs ; le niveau 1 est celui du contrôle. Il accueille les contrôleurs tels que les PLC ; le niveau 2 est celui de la supervision. Il héberge les systèmes SCADA et les interfaces homme-machine (IHM) pour la gestion à distance ; et le niveau 3 est celui de la planification. Il est relié à la prise de décisions stratégiques et la planification à long terme, avec des systèmes tels que les systèmes de gestion de la production (MES), l'efficacité globale des équipements (OEE) et la planification des ressources de l'entreprise (ERP). Contrairement à la nature intensément logicielle de l'IT, l'OT s'appuie largement sur le matériel. La sécurité des données et des informations dans l'OT privilégie la sécurité, la disponibilité et l'intégrité.
Pendant de nombreuses années, l'IT et l'OT ont évolué en silos, notamment en termes de collecte, de gestion et de gouvernance des données. Il y a eu peu de partage de connaissances entre les ingénieurs IT et OT à travers différents domaines.
Historiquement, l'IT s'est développée de manière hiérarchique, du haut vers le bas, en mettant l'accent sur la croissance efficace des entreprises. En revanche, l'OT s'est développée de manière ascendante, du bas vers le haut, en se concentrant sur la garantie du contrôle, de la gestion et de la sécurité des machines et du matériel. Avec l'avènement de l'industrie 4.0 au début des années 2010, la nécessité de convergence entre l'IT et l'OT est devenue de plus en plus évidente. L'industrie 4.0, également connue sous le nom de Quatrième Révolution Industrielle ou de fabrication intelligente, fait référence à la transformation numérique des processus industriels et de fabrication. Elle tire parti de technologies telles que l'Internet des objets (IoT), l'informatique en nuage, la cybersécurité, la robotique, l'intelligence artificielle, l'impression 3D et les jumeaux numériques. À titre de rappel, l'industrie 1.0 ou la première révolution industrielle a commencé vers 1784. Il s'agissait de la mécanisation d'industries telles que les centrales électriques, le textile et les usines. L'industrie 2.0 est apparue vers 1870 et concernait la production de masse, les chaînes de montage et l'électricité. L'industrie 3.0 est apparue vers 1969 et concernait l'électronique, les ordinateurs, les logiciels modernes et la production allégée.
Les défis auxquels sont confrontés l'IT et l'OT tournent largement autour de la résistance des personnes à apprendre de nouveaux processus et à adopter des pratiques de gouvernance des données. Cependant, les avantages de la convergence de l'IT et de l'OT sont nombreux. Ils comprennent des processus rationalisés, des coûts opérationnels réduits, une gouvernance des données globale améliorée, une gestion efficace des actifs et des mécanismes de défense cybersécurité intégrés.
Il n'existe pas d'approche universelle pour mettre en œuvre la convergence de l'IT et de l'OT. Bien que les petites et moyennes entreprises manufacturières puissent être confrontées à des défis de convergence différents par rapport aux grandes organisations, de nombreuses meilleures pratiques en matière de convergence de l'IT et de l'OT préconisent un cadre d'amélioration continue. Ce cadre commence généralement par l'établissement d'un prototype ou d'un centre d'excellence, qui suit un cycle de conception comprenant les composants suivants:
Pendant de nombreuses années, la technologie de l'information (IT) et la celle qui est opérationnelle (OT) ont fonctionné en silos, entraînant des inefficacités au sein des organisations manufacturières et industrielles. Cependant, avec l'avènement de l'Industrie 4.0, l'importance de la convergence de l'IT et de l'OT est devenue plus prononcée que jamais. Lorsqu'elle est exécutée efficacement, la convergence de l'IT et de l'OT rationalise les processus, réduit les coûts opérationnels et améliore l'efficacité des personnes. Tout leader tourné vers l'avenir au sein des organisations industrielles ou manufacturières devrait prioriser l'adoption de la convergence de l'IT et de l'OT pour rester compétitif dans le paysage en évolution.
Jusqu'à notre prochaine rencontre, continuez à promouvoir la convergence.
Fal Diabaté
Managing Partner, Barra Advisory Group

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